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James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge
James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It was established in 1976,〔, 〕 to permanently protect an ecologically-intact unit and to provide habitat for native and migratory fauna and native flora. It established critical habitat for Hawaii's four endangered waterbirds, the ''alae kea'' (Hawaiian coot, ''Fulica alai''), ''koloa maoli'' (Hawaiian duck, ''Anas wyvilliana''), ''alae ula'' (Hawaiian gallinule, ''Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis''), and ''āeo'' (Hawaiian stilt, ''Himantopus mexicanus knudseni'') and many migratory seabirds, endangered and native plant species, and the endangered Hawaiian monk seal and green sea turtle. It also provides increased wildlife-dependent public uses and flood control within the refuge and the local community.
==Location==
James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge lies at the northernmost tip of the Hawaiian island of Oahu, between the town of Kahuku to the east and Turtle Bay to the west. It serves as a strategic landfall for migratory birds coming from as far away as Alaska, New Zealand, and Asia. The refuge is divided into two units, Punamano and Kii. The Punamano Unit, at , is a natural spring-fed pond, while the Kii Unit, at , is a remnant marsh that has been drastically modified by agriculture. Wetland habitat is maintained at the Kii Unit by pumping water into seven impoundments. Both units are near the coastline and the topography is nearly flat.
Historically, the Kii Unit functioned as the freshwater settling basins for the Kahuku Sugar Mill.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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